Can't find jQuery color change option
This stands out a bit too much all over the place:

I want to disable the text background color or lighten it up, but I'm not finding the JavaScript color change option for it, and there's no jQuery in my Preferences > Editor > Color Scheme section.

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Try to highlight this string, press Cmd+Shift+A (Help > Find Action) and type Jump to colors and fonts. You'll be able to change the colors applied to this code part.
This highlighting indicates language injection (https://www.jetbrains.com/help/phpstorm/using-language-injections.html) - PhpStorm auto-injects CSS selectors in Jquery calls.
If you don't like its green background, you can change the color in Settings | Editor | Color Scheme | General / Code / Injected language fragment settings, Background.