idea.bat works; idea64.exe and toolbox startup both fail.
I'm hitting the same problem with IntelliJ, Rider, and CLion; I had been running 2018.1 EAP/RC, but I rolled back to 2017.3.x and cleared out all of my settings and see the same problem there.
They won't start from toolbox (failing silently)
Trying to start with the .exe files, they won't start but at least I get the the error below. (true for both idea.exe and idea64.exe for IntelliJ) 
All three start just fine with the batch files; I do get some warnings:
Mar 14, 2018 3:06:09 PM java.util.prefs.WindowsPreferences <init>
WARNING: Could not open/create prefs root node Software\JavaSoft\Prefs at root 0x80000002. Windows RegCreateKeyEx(...) returned error code 5.
(there's also a warning about something with yourkit on the EAP/RC versions)
Since it works fine with the .bat startup, it's an inconvenience and nothing critical but if there are any known issues with recent Windows updates or recent IDEA platform updates, I'd appreciate any suggestions on how to fix this.
If it matters, my Windows version is [Version 10.0.16299.309] and I'm not running any non-standard security software, just Windows Defender.
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Looks like https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/IDEA-184029.
“This is caused by Windows' Exploit protection, by the Mandatory ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization), to be exact. This is off by default on Windows, but can be changed. If you want to keep Mandatory ASLR on by default, you will have to add an override for idea.exe or idea64.exe that disables Mandatory ASLR for the executable”
Thank you, that fixed it. I'm not sure how that feature got turned on globally, but adding the exception was no trouble.
For anyone finding this in the future, directions for turning the feature off globally or for a specific executable path are at https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/security/threat-protection/windows-defender-exploit-guard/customize-exploit-protection