What do these Git icons mean?
Answered

The blue and green arrows. They're under the select branch menu.
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There is a tooltip when you keep the cursor over them for a moment
These are indicators that there are commits to be fetched and/or to be pushed. https://youtrack.jetbrains.com/issue/IDEA-140406#focus=streamItem-27-3244325.0-0
What about this green dot on the branch status indicator at the bottom of the window?
Hi Bencodesall this indicates that there are some changes that are outgoing.